brasheranatomyintronotes

CHAPTER 1--INTRO TO ANATOMY

Anatomy--The study of the structure of the body and its parts, and their relationships to one another (//tomy:// to cut, //ana//: apart)
 * Gross anatomy--The study of large structures such as organs
 * Microscopic anatomy--The study of cells and tissues using the microscope

Physiology--The study of how the body and its parts function (//physio//: nature, //ology//: the study of)
 * Neurophysiology--The study of the functions of the nervous system
 * Cardiac physiology--The function of the heart

LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY Atoms >Cells >Tissues >Organs >Organ Systems >Organisms

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW (Figure 1.2a-l, pages 6 and 7)
 * Integumentary system:
 * Organs--skin
 * Function--Forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D


 * Skeletal system:
 * Organs--bones, joints, cartilages
 * Function--protects and supports body organs; provides a framework for muscle attachement; forms blood cells, stores minerals


 * Muscular system:
 * Organs--skeletal muscles
 * Function--allows locomotion and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat


 * Nervous system:
 * Organs--brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
 * Function--fast-acting control of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands


 * Endocrine system:
 * Organs--pineal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes or ovaries
 * Function--secretion of hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells


 * Cardiovascular system:
 * Organs--heart and blood vessels
 * Function--transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste materials throughout the body by the blood vessels; heart pumps blood


 * Lymphatic system:
 * Organs--thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
 * Function--picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris; houses white blood cells involved in immunity


 * Respiratory system:
 * Organs--lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
 * Function--keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide; exchanges these gases through the walls of the alveoli of the lungs


 * Digestive system:
 * Organs--oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
 * Function--breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces


 * Urinary system:
 * Organs--kidney. ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
 * Function--eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood


 * Male reproductive system:
 * Organs--seminal vesicles, prostate gland, vas deferens, testis, scrotum, penis
 * Function--production of testosterone and sperm: PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING


 * Female reproductive system:
 * Organs--mammary glands, ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tube, uterus, vagina
 * Function--production of estrogen, progesterone, and eggs; protection and nourishment of the fetus during development; production of milk for newborn; PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
 * Maintaining boundaries--Keeps contents of the body intact and prevents the entry of potentially dangerous substances such as bacteria and viruses
 * Movement--Cooperation between the skeletal and muscular systems to move the body from one place to another; also, the movement of substances throughout the body by various systems
 * Responsiveness--Changes in the environment must be detected and reacted to: mainly by the nervous system and its components
 * Digestion--Food must be broken down into smaller particles by the digestive system and then transported to body cells
 * Metabolism--Molecules that are carried to the cells are then broken down by chemical reactions that produce energy for the body. Small molecules are also pieced together to make complex molecules such as proteins for use by our bodies
 * Excretion--The digestive system removes indigestible materials; the urinary system removes metabolic wastes containing nitrogen; and the respiratory system removes carbon dioxide from the blood
 * Reproduction--Production of offspring
 * Growth--Increase in size of the body, usually caused by an increase in number of cells

SURVIVAL NEEDS
 * Nutrients--substances such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals
 * Oxygen--This compound is necessary for metabolic activities to occur
 * Water--Your body consists of 60-80% water. This compound is necessary for substances to be moved within the body, or excreted from the body
 * Body Temperature--A constant temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degress Celsius) must be maintained for metabolic reactions to occur. Extreme variance in these temperatures will cause death. Most body heat is produced by skeletal muscle activity.
 * Atmospheric pressure--Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within the lungs is dependant upon the correct atmospheric pressure.

HOMEOSTASIS All organ systems of the body work together so that health is maintained. Homeostasis is the term used to describe the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment